Vascular Malformations
For these reasons, it is imperative that patients with cerebellar hemorrhage are assessed at presentation with the specific purpose of determining whether they should be subjected to surgical intervention in…
Distribution and Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Aneurysm Rupture
Saccular (berry) aneurysms are the most common cause of spontaneous SAH. Nonsaccular aneurysms include fusiform (dolichoectatic), dissecting, infectious (mycotic), neoplastic, and post-traumatic lesions. The dolichoectatic and dissecting aneurysms that are…
Clinical Manifestations of Intracranial Hemorrhage Related to Site
CEREBELLAR HEMORRHAGE Cerebellar hemorrhage represents about 5% to 10% of ICH cases, and despite its relatively low frequency, it is of great clinical importance because prompt diagnosis may lead to…
Pathogenesis and Types
The risk factors for ICH include hypertension, advancing age, vascular malformations, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic agents, brain tumors, sympathomimetic agents, and vasculitis. Hypertension is the primary risk factor…
Diagnosis of Venous Sinus Thrombosis
In most patients, the D-dimer level in the blood is increased, reflecting increased blood clotting. Radiologic brain imaging studies are required to establish the diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,…
Intracranial Venous Sinuses
Basilar Plexus. The basilar plexus consists of interlacing venous channels over the basilar occipital bone; it connects the inferior petrosal sinuses while also draining the anterior vertebral venous plexus. CEREBRAL…
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
The cardinal features of APS include thrombotic manifestations, recurrent fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia. Cardiac valvular abnormalities, livedo reticularis, and hemolytic anemia are additional common findings. Patients are typically 35 to…
Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins
Posterosuperior Group Superior Sagittal Sinus (SSS). The superior sagittal sinus traverses the superior margin of the falx cerebri, gradually increasing in dimension as it passes posteriorly, receiving superior cerebral veins…
Role of Platelets in Arterial Thrombosis
The exposure of subendothelial matrix leads to almost instantaneous adhesion of platelets to the site of vascular injury. Two molecules in the subendothelium are critical to this step: von Willebrand…
Inherited Thrombophilias
Secondary hemostasis, or blood coagulation, is initiated by interaction of blood with vascular subendothelium or tissue factor exposed on cell surfaces after cellular injury. Intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways converge…
