Hypertensive Encephalopathy
The MRI features of the syndrome are characterized by vasogenic edema, which corresponds to bright signal on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences as well as on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps,…
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Differential. The major important condition to separate from these “micropathologies” is occlusion of parent arteries blocking flow in penetrating artery branches. In patients of Asian origin, especially Japan, Korea, and…
Uncommon Cardiac Mechanisms In Stroke
Similarly emboli arising from the aorta are composed of different substances. White platelet-fibrin thrombi form in crevices and irregular surfaces. These white clots activate the coagulation cascade and promote red…
Lacunar Infarction
LACUNAR INFARCTS Lacunar infarcts are miniature, discrete lesions, ranging from 1 to 20 mm in size. The most common locations are the putamen and the pallidum, followed by the pons,…
Cardiac Sources of Brain Emboli
THE RECIPIENT ARTERIES The recipient artery is the main determinant of the clinical symptoms and signs. When a recipient neck or intracranial artery is blocked, blood flow to the area…
Occlusion of “Top of Basilar” and Posterior Cerebral Arteries
The posterior choroidal arteries originate from the posterior cerebral arteries and course forward from caudal to rostral in the thalamus. The lateral posterior choroidal arteries supply mostly the pulvinar, a…
Occlusion of Basilar Artery and Branches
3. Decreased alertness. Hypersomnolence or frank coma can result from bilateral paramedian rostral brainstem dysfunction. After the acute phase, the patient may remain relatively inert and apathetic. Some patients sleep…
Intracranial Occlusion of Vertebral Artery
4. Coma. When the reticular formation is affected bilaterally in the medial pontine tegmentum, coma results. Sensory and cerebellar abnormalities are absent or slight because the infarct usually affects the…
Clinical Manifestations of Vertebrobasilar Territory Ischemia
Medial Medullary Infarction This third syndrome is much less common. The anterior spinal artery supplying the medial medulla arises from the distal intracranial vertebral artery. The medial medullary syndrome is…
