Trigeminocerebellar projections from the principal trigeminal sensory nucleus travel in the ICP to the face representation in caudal lobule V and lobule VI; in contrast, cerebellar projections from the mesencephalic…
Knowledge of cerebellar connections with extracerebellar structures is critical to understanding the diverse roles of the cerebellum and the consequences of cerebellar injury. Afferents to cerebellum are conveyed predominantly by…
Climbing fibers (CFs) arise exclusively from the inferior olive. Axons of olivary neurons branch to form 7 to 10 CFs. Each CF provides extensive excitatory synaptic contact with the dendritic…
The two major neurotransmitters in the cerebellum are glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Glutamate is excitatory and is found in the MFs, PFs, CFs, UBCs, and deep cerebellar nuclear neurons…
The Purkinje cell (PC) layer is a monolayer composed entirely of PCs, a 100 µm-thick sheet of 15 million neurons situated between the molecular and granular layers. The PC is…
The unipolar brush cell (UBC) is the only excitatory interneuron in the cerebellum. The soma is 9 to 12 µm in diameter, with a single dendrite ending in a tight…
The inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) has two components. The larger is the restiform body, a purely afferent system, whereas the smaller juxtarestiform body carries both afferent and efferent fibers. The…
A wide hollow within the anterior cerebellum is occupied by the pons and upper medulla oblongata, which are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle. Posteriorly, there is a…
The lateral boundaries are formed on each side from above down by the superior cerebellar peduncle, the inferior cerebellar peduncle, and the cuneate and gracile tubercles. Roof of Fourth Ventricle….
Cerebral palsy is a clinical diagnosis. Delays in developmental milestones are usually the earliest clue. Milestones acquired do not show regression. Other early signs include hand preference, prominent fisting, persistence…
