Behavioral and personality changes are prominent early features in individuals with FTD reflecting pathologic involvement of the frontal lobes, most commonly the right hemisphere. Symptoms include disinhibition, impulsivity, impaired judgment,…
Amyloid plaques are abundant in the cerebral cortex of individuals with Alzheimer disease, particularly in the parietal and frontal regions. Amyloid deposition is also commonly observed in leptomeningeal arteries as…
1. Memory loss: The clinical hallmark of AD is memory loss. Patients may be forgetful of details of recent conversations and events. Family members frequently report that the patient asks…
The gross pathology of AD appears as enlargement of the ventricles and widening of the sylvian fissure secondary to cortical atrophy. Many convexal gyri are shrunken, and the sulci between…
To classify an aphasia, it is necessary to determine whether the patient can (1) speak fluently, with normal articulation and rhythm and without paraphasic, syntactic or grammatical errors or use…
Constructional Dyspraxia. The right cerebral hemisphere, especially its inferior parietal lobe, is specialized for visual-spatial functions. Parietal lesions compromise the patient’s ability to draw and copy figures and diagrams, reproduce…
There are two main types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic memory. Episodic memory is likened to autobiographic memory, as an episode of one’s life is recalled (remembering a certain…
Test Language Function. Judge the fluency of the patient’s language. Note whether language is effortful or not, and if there are mistakenly spoken phonemes or mistakes in grammar. Evaluate comprehension…
Recent years have witnessed a growing appreciation for functional roles astrocytes play within the CNS. It increasingly appears to be the case that astrocytes are integral to brain energy utilization….
