Functional evaluation
Clinical measurement Clinical measurement is an important component of treatment during recovery from brain injury. As a means of assessment, clinical measurement may involve the use of various screening tools,…
Diagnostic procedures and electrophysiology
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity, hospitalization, and disability in the United States. Improvements in high-quality acute care have led to patients surviving longer, even after…
Physical examination, signs, and symptoms
The goal of the neurological examination for the physiatrist is to confirm the diagnosis and identify deficits that will affect an individual’s function. This enables the development of rehabilitation goals…
Complications of traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be a catastrophic event, with a mortality rate up to 40% in severe cases and potential lifelong sequelae in a large number of patients. It…
Neuroanatomy correlates
This chapter provides a foundational overview of basic structural and functional neuroanatomy relevant to brain injury. As such, the coverage is not exhaustive, and the reader is referred to authoritative…
Basic brain neuroscience and pathophysiology
This chapter serves as a brief overview in outline form of basic brain neuroscience and pathophysiology with specific relevance to the practice of brain injury medicine. This limited review is…
Acute emergency management of traumatic brain injury
General principles Acute management of traumatic brain injury is based on preventing secondary insults • Primary insult refers to the initial injury itself. • Secondary insult is a subsequent deviation…
Prehospital care of traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Public awareness of the importance of TBI and its sequelae has been increasing because of both the…
Prognosis and recovery patterns
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that about 150 individuals die of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) daily in the United States. Advancements in medical and surgical…
Proteomic, genetic, and epigenetic biomarkers in traumatic brain injury
Biomarker definition Biomarkers are critical to understand disease pathophysiology, improve diagnostics, and select therapies. Biomarkers are used to determine the presence or absence of a disease, measure response to therapy,…
