Prehospital care of traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Public awareness of the importance of TBI and its sequelae has been increasing because of both the…
Prognosis and recovery patterns
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that about 150 individuals die of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) daily in the United States. Advancements in medical and surgical…
Proteomic, genetic, and epigenetic biomarkers in traumatic brain injury
Biomarker definition Biomarkers are critical to understand disease pathophysiology, improve diagnostics, and select therapies. Biomarkers are used to determine the presence or absence of a disease, measure response to therapy,…
Epidemiology and public health and prevention
Epidemiology and public health Definition of traumatic brain injury The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a traumatic brain injury (TBI) as an “injury to the head from…
Brain death criteria
With the advancement of positive-pressure ventilation in the 1950s, patients who sustained a catastrophic brain injury could be supported in hospitals after cessation of brain function. In 1968, an ad…
TBI by pattern: Penetrating, nonpenetrating, and blast injury
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are sustained through a variety of mechanisms. The three broad classifications are discussed in Table 4.1 . TABLE 4.1 Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury Penetrating Brain…
Mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a disruption of normal brain function that can be caused by an external force, such…
Chapter 32 – Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Metabolic Movement Disorders
Abstract Movement disorders are common symptoms in patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), and have a serious impact on their quality of life. Treatment of the movement disorder is…
Chapter 31 – Deep Brain Stimulation for Metabolic Movement Disorders
Abstract As pharmacological management is dissatisfying in many metabolic movement disorders, neurosurgical procedures have been attempted to alleviate the most disabling symptoms, which are often severe dystonia, chorea, tremor, and…
Chapter 30 – Metabolic Movement Disorders in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing
Abstract Suspecting a genetic etiology for movement disorders of childhood often requires a high index of suspicion due to the heterogenous phenotypic expression, variable penetrance, and the influence of epigenetic…
