Introduction Neurosurgical interventions for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses have been used since the dawn of the somatic treatments in neuropsychiatry ( ). The use of surgery in psychiatry existed…
Introduction Magnetic seizure therapy (MST), as the name implies, is a treatment that involves the induction of therapeutic seizures generated through magnetic fields. The impetus for developing this treatment was…
Introduction Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the oldest biologic treatment in psychiatry still in use and continues to play a crucial role in the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). ECT has…
Introduction Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique, whereby a subthreshold, continuous electrical current (typically 1–2 mA) is applied to the brain via two or more…
Introduction Although diverse treatments are currently available for depression, one class of treatments that holds significant promise, especially for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in the near future, is neuromodulation. This growing…
Introduction Almost 70% of depressed individuals do not adequately respond to common antidepressants and need multiple therapeutic trials in order to achieve a full remission. Furthermore, according to the STAR*D…
Introduction Increasing data indicate that the immune system in general and inflammation in particular may play a role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety ( )….
Acknowledgments Effort for authors was provided by The Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research which is funded by the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation, Tim Ferriss, Matt Mullenweg, Craig Nerenberg,…
Introduction In recent years, ketamine, its individual enantiomers, and related compounds have been a major focus of research and clinical development for the treatment of depression. With the United States…
Financial disclosures As discussed in Chapter 1 , it is helpful to define treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although one defines treatment resistance, it is clear that this is a very significant…
