10.1055/b-0034-92317 Immunology of the Central Nervous SystemPragati Nigam and Maciej S. Lesniak The brain is an organ with unique characteristics that function to restrain immunologic responses that could potentially damage…
10.1055/b-0034-92318 Microbiological Diagnosis of Central Nervous System InfectionsYuriko Fukuta and Karin Byers The central nervous system (CNS) may be infected by various organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Numerous…
10.1055/b-0034-91129 Functional Anatomy of the Olfactory System I: From the Nasal Cavity to the Olfactory Bulb Structural ConsiderationsDavid E. Hornung The nasal air passageways are delineated in the anterior plane…
10.1055/b-0034-91140 Functional Anatomy of the Gustatory System: From the Taste Papilla to the Gustatory CortexTatsu Kobayakawa, Hisashi Ogawa General Aspects of Taste Sensation Taste sensation is one of the five…
10.1055/b-0034-91141 Taste TestingTino Just, Masafumi Sakagami General Remarks on Gustatory Testing In the general population, isolated taste disturbances are rare. Using two different psychophysical taste tests, hypogeusia was found in…
10.1055/b-0034-91136 Miscellaneous Causes of Olfactory DysfunctionPhilippe Rombaux Introduction Olfactory and gustatory disorders can be due to a wide variety of causes and can profoundly influence a patient′s quality of life….
10.1055/b-0034-91130 Functional Anatomy of the Olfactory System II: Central Relays, Pathways, and their FunctionJessica Freiherr, Martin Wiesmann, Martin Witt Introduction The first steps of central olfactory processing are accomplished in…
10.1055/b-0034-91144 Structural Imaging in Chemosensory DysfunctionNasreddin Abolmaali Summary Structural imaging in chemosensory dysfunction can visualize the morphological anatomy and pathology of the entire chemosensory pathway, from the oral and nasal…
10.1055/b-0034-91146 Flavor: Interaction Between the Chemical SensesAntje Welge-Luessen, Dana M. Small, Thomas Hummel Summary Both chemical senses, smell and taste, contribute enormously to flavor perception, but it has been shown…
10.1055/b-0034-91135 Postinfectious and Post-traumatic Olfactory DisordersCarl Philpott, Ron DeVere Etiology, Prevalence, and Pathophysiology Postinfectious Olfactory Disorders The common cold, while a minor inconvenience for most, remains a scourge of modern…
