10.1055/b-0035-106394 19 Construct Failure and Failure Prevention Constructs can fail because of implant failure (e.g., fracture of a plate), failure of the bone at the implant–bone interface, or failure at…
10.1055/b-0035-106406 31 Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease The discussion regarding adjacent-segment “disease” has come to the forefront in recent years. This is primarily related to the marked and escalating interest…
10.1055/b-0035-106381 6 Trauma, Tumor, and Infection 6.1 Introduction This chapter focuses predominantly on trauma. Tumor 1 , 2 and infection, 3 – 6 however, often have biomechanical effects on the…
10.1055/b-0035-106386 11 Destabilizing Effects of Spine Surgery Spine surgery, by its nature, destabilizes the spine, whether by iatrogenic destruction of spinal ligaments, muscle injury, muscle deinnervation, or the reduction of…
10.1055/b-0035-106387 12 Spine Fusion 12.1 The Bone Graft The bone graft and the resulting bony fusion are the components of a successful spine stabilization operation that lead to the ultimate…
10.1055/b-0035-106385 10 Surgical Approaches to the Subaxial Spine The surgical approaches to spinal decompression, fusion, and instrumentation vary widely. This chapter focuses on surgical approaches to the subaxial spine, for…
10.1055/b-0035-106380 5 Degenerative and Inflammatory Diseases of the Spine The management of degenerative and inflammatory spine diseases is complex. Alterations of both bony and ligamentous spinal integrity are the predominant…
10.1055/b-0035-106388 13 Implant Material Properties 13.1 Metals 13.1.1 Elements and Alloys Metallurgy is the study of metals, their material properties, and their shaping and treatment by heating and/or cooling. At…
10.1055/b-0035-106376 1 Biomechanically Relevant Anatomy and Material Properties of the Spine and Associated Elements 1.1 Anatomy The vertebral column complex consists of ventrally located vertebral bodies and intervening intervertebral discs…
10.1055/b-0035-106383 8 Neural Element Injury 8.1 Mechanisms of Neural Element Injury External influences can cause a cell to become dysfunctional, or to die, by one or a combination of three…
