Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Carlos A. Pérez John A. Lincoln Introduction Since its clinical introduction in the 1980s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential tool in…
Evaluation and Diagnosis of the Multiple Sclerosis Patient Hunter Vincent Mary Ann Picone Constantine J. Pella Annette F. Okai Introduction Evaluating a patient with intermittent neurologic symptoms can be a…
Immunology of Multiple Sclerosis Regina Berkovich Introduction This author proposes to approach the subject of immunology of multiple sclerosis (MS) from the standpoint of available acute and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)…
Epidemiology Mary Ann Picone Qibin Qi Introduction The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is complex and not fully understood, but there have been various environmental and genetic factors associated with…
Family and Patient Education Psychosocial therapy should be started with family members at the time of the patient’s hospitalization and begin with the patient as soon as feasible. Family members…
Physical Therapy Available data support the usefulness of a coordinated rehabilitation program for treating stroke-related functional impairment. Such a rehabilitation program may also reduce mortality. The rehabilitation program should provide…
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage The 30-day case fatality rate in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from population-based studies since 1960 has ranged from 32% to 67%. Among the more recent studies, the…
Intracerebral Hemorrhage For individuals with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the reported 30-day survival rate ranges from 40% to 70%; immediate functional prognosis with ICH is usually better than that with cerebral…
Cerebral Infarction MORTALITY After a person has had cerebral infarction (CI) (also referred to as ischemic stroke), the 30-day case fatality rate is approximately 20%. Survival after the first CI…
Transient Ischemic Attack Approximately 10% of patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA; including all underlying mechanisms) have an ischemic stroke within 5 years of the first attack. Approximately 50% of…
