Osmotic pressure and water movement
Objectives 1. Describe the nature of osmosis. 2. Define osmotic pressure in terms of solute concentration through van’t Hoff’s law. 3. Define the driving forces that control water movement across…
Diffusion and permeability
Objectives 1. Define diffusion as the migration of molecules down a concentration gradient. 2. Recognize that diffusion is the result of the purely random movement of molecules. 3. Define the…
Introduction: Homeostasis and cellular physiology
Objectives 1. Recognize the need to maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body and the concept of homeostasis. 2. Describe the hierarchical view of the body as…
Functional Systems
The preceding chapters presented the major structures seen at individual levels of the central nervous system (CNS) or in particular views of the brain. This chapter is complementary, using many…
An Introduction to Neuropathology
The different diagnoses of diseases and disorders within the nervous system are made using neuropathology in coordination with clinical signs/symptoms and imaging. The imaging techniques discussed in Chapter 9 ,…
Clinical Imaging
For many decades, the central nervous system (CNS) of living individuals could be examined only indirectly, for example by using x-rays to study changes in the bones surrounding the CNS…
Axial Sections
This chapter, the second of three showing sections of entire human brains, illustrates axial planes approximating those used in computed tomography scans (see Chapter 9 ). Forebrain structures continue to…
Coronal Sections
This is the first of three chapters showing sections of entire human brains, in this case illustrating approximately coronal planes. Forebrain structures are emphasized, but parts of the brainstem and…
Sagittal Sections
This chapter, the last of three showing sections of entire human brains, illustrates para sagittal planes. Forebrain structures continue to be emphasized, but parts of the brainstem and cerebellum are…
Transverse Sections of the Brainstem
The brainstem contains the continuations of the long tracts seen in the spinal cord together with nuclei and tracts associated with cranial nerves and the cerebellum. These various tracts and…
