Hypertension
Hypertension Hypertension (especially systolic) is an important risk factor for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in male and female individuals at all ages. For adults aged 45 years without hypertension, the…
Asymptomatic Carotid and Vertebral Stenosis
Asymptomatic Carotid and Vertebral Stenosis ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID STENOSIS The treatment of patients with asymptomatic carotid disease (bruit, stenosis, or occlusion) continues to be somewhat controversial, although recent data have clarified…
Modifiable Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Modifiable Lifestyle and Environmental Factors According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 estimates, over 66% of stroke burden is attributed to behavioral risks (smoking, poor diet, and low…
Cerebrovascular Disease Genetics
Cerebrovascular Disease Genetics Several cerebrovascular disorders tend to run in families or are either entirely congenital in nature or largely genetically determined. These include disorders that may cause ischemic stroke,…
Cerebrovascular Disease in Pregnant Patients
Cerebrovascular Disease in Pregnant Patients Although stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the general population in the United States, it is uncommon among women of childbearing age….
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children and Young Adults
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children and Young Adults Stroke is uncommon in children who are younger than 15 years. The annual incidence is approximately 2.5 cases per 100,000 children. Ischemic strokes…
Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord
Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord Spinovascular disease is rare compared with cerebrovascular disease. It includes spinal cord infarction, hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, and venous disease. The clinical symptoms of…
Five Major Categories of Hemorrhagic Disease: Treatment of Specific Underlying Mechanisms
Five Major Categories of Hemorrhagic Disease: Treatment of Specific Underlying Mechanisms Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disorders cause 15% to 20% of all strokes. These conditions can be divided into five subgroups on…
Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes
Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY Acute or sustained elevation of blood pressure (BP) may result in failure of cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms, with vasodilation, hyperperfusion, and exudation of fluid. Increased intracranial…
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Intracranial venous thrombosis may arise from infectious or noninfectious processes. Since the introduction of antibiotics, the frequency of venous thrombosis has decreased considerably, apparently from the prevention…
