A 65-year-old diabetic woman underwent coronary arteriogram through left elbow catheterization. Shortly afterward, she developed severe pain in the left hand and numbness in the first three digits of the…
A 66-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man was seen because of mild hand tremors and numbness in the first three fingers of his right hand, which made it difficult for him to…
An 82-year-old woman with a long-standing history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) recently suffered a hip fracture that caused difficulty walking, forcing her to use a walker. She presented with numbness…
Summary The ICD and DSM are both useful systems of psychiatric diagnosis, alike enough to be roughly comparable, but different enough to cause confusion and misuse. Both systems are in wide…
Summary This chapter describes the context of the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) related to mental health. It contains an explanation of the procedure adopted in…
Introduction Technological innovations over the past several decades have enabled spine surgeons to steadily increase the safety and efficacy of procedures performed with a focus on improving outcomes, while minimizing…
Introduction A large amount of literature related to spine surgery is plagued by retrospective design and small sample sizes resulting in a lack of statistical power. This is particularly true…
Introduction of Technology While investigations into incorporating machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine have been numerous and diverse, their aggregate contributions have altered and revolutionized clinical practice….
Introduction of Technology The utilization of surgical intelligence technologies has evolved since the inception of medicine. Epstein et al. pioneered the use of intraoperative ultrasound for the resection of intramedullary…
Introduction of technology Outcome Measurement: Present Practice and Standard of Care How outcomes are determined after spine surgery has shifted from subjective and solely physician-based to patient-centered and patient-reported. The…
