Leukodystrophies and Mitochondrial Disorders
LEUKODYSTROPHIES Print Section Listen The leukodystrophies are diseases that affect the white matter of the CNS (Table 31–1). These diseases can begin in infancy, childhood, or adulthood. Infantile-onset leukodystrophies are…
Disorders of Intracranial Pressure
INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION) Print Section Listen General Principles of Intracranial Pressure Intracranial Contents Contributing to Intracranial Volume and Pressure The skull contains three components that contribute to intracranial…
Motor Neuron Disease
OVERVIEW OF MOTOR NEURON DISEASE Print Section Listen This chapter discusses a group of diseases that affect motor neurons in isolation, collectively referred to as motor neuron disease. Motor neuron…
Peripheral Neuropathy
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Peripheral neuropathies can be classified as mononeuropathy (affecting one nerve), mononeuropathy multiplex (affecting multiple individual nerves), and polyneuropathy (affecting peripheral nerves diffusely). Mononeuropathies of the upper…
Seizures and Epilepsy
DEFINITIONS AND CAUSES OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY Print Section Listen Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Epilepsy is the condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. The definition…
Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen This chapter focuses on the following central nervous system demyelinating diseases: Multiple sclerosis (MS) Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Optic neuritis Transverse myelitis Optic…
Extraocular Movements and Approach to Diplopia: Cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Each eye is moved by six muscles: four rectus muscles and two oblique muscles. These muscles are controlled by three nerves: cranial nerves (CNs) 3, 4,…
Radiculopathy, Plexopathy, and Mononeuropathies of the Upper Extremity
NEUROANATOMY OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Print Section Listen The Nerve Root Supply of the Upper Extremity In the cervical spine, nerve roots are numbered by the cervical level above which…
The Peripheral Nervous System and Introduction to Electromyography/Nerve Conduction Studies
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Print Section Listen The peripheral nervous system includes the nerve roots, dorsal root ganglia, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, and peripheral…
