Abstract Physical pain is a leading cause of healthcare spending, work-related disability, and morbidity in the United States. The development of advanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques such as…
Abstract Traditional serial algorithms for medical care for chronic pain are based on cost effectiveness and noninvasiveness. These older ways of thinking place neuromodulation therapies as a last resort in…
Abstract With the “gate theory” of pain as its theoretical foundation, the first spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implant was performed 50 years ago. The earliest electrodes required a laminotomy for…
Abstract Chronic electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve is now an accepted therapeutic alternative for a number of medical conditions. The effectiveness of this therapy is lost when the device…
Abstract Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. The experience of pain serves as one…
Abstract The management of chronic pain is a clinically complex and challenging task for practitioners. A strategy for chronic pain management begins with a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of…
Abstract The provision of well-engineered, well-implanted neuroprostheses represents a major advance in the acceptability, safety, and durability of electronic controllers for paralyzed persons. Well-thought-out strategies and progressive understanding of the…
Abstract Intrathecal (IT) infusion plays an important role in the treatment of medically intractable pain and spasticity. Moreover, it potentially may serve as the delivery route for future treatments for…
Abstract Occipital electrode placement into the subcutaneous tissues, innervated by and adjacent to the greater, lesser, and/or third occipital nerves from the C2-3 nerve roots for intractable occipital headache syndromes,…
Abstract Traditionally, deep brain stimulation has been performed by using frame-based stereotaxy in an awake patient. Frame-based stereotaxy has been the technique of choice due to its perceived superior accuracy…
