Vascular malformations of the brain can be organized into five subtypes: (1) cavernous malformations, (2) capillary telangiectasias, (3) arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), (4) developmental venous anomalies, and (5) dural arteriovenous fistulas…
Management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) poses a conundrum to physicians. The prevalence of UIAs is approximately 3%, the majority of which are discovered incidentally. Rupture of an aneurysm can…
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) refers to bleeding within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled subarachnoid space. The majority of spontaneous cases are due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms, but 15%–20% are due to another…
Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage often have concurrent ischemic vascular disease, venous thromboembolic disease, or atrial fibrillation for which antiplatelet (AP) or anticoagulant (AC) therapy would be indicated. Deciding if and…
Patients taking anticoagulants have larger baseline intracerebral hemorrhage volume, greater early hemorrhage expansion, and increased morbidity and mortality compared to those not on anticoagulants. While there is little formal data…
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is uncommon in young adults (age < 50 years) but is more likely to be associated with specific underlying vascular abnormalities than in older patients. Given this,…
A. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have a high risk of neurologic deterioration, particularly early after presentation. Close neurologic monitoring is thus important. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary in…
The risk of perioperative stroke varies dramatically based on the intervention being performed. Stroke risk is generally estimated to be < 1% for cardiac catheterization, general surgery, and noncarotid vascular…
Asymptomatic carotid stenosis refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the extracranial internal carotid artery, most commonly involving the proximal internal carotid artery at or just distal to the carotid bifurcation. To…
Spinal cord infarction (SCI) is a rare but devastating disorder. A majority of infarctions involve anterior spinal cord and present with acute quadriparesis or paraparesis depending on the level of…
