The unique ability to stimulate bilaterally, extracranially, and non-invasively may represent a significant advantage to invasive neuromodulation therapies. In humans thus far the technique has been applied noninvasively, and is…
Dural arteriovenous fistulas of the cavernous sinus are no longer difficult to diagnose or treat. Specific ocular manifestations allow these fistulas to be diagnosed clinically. Noninvasive imaging techniques can be…
The anesthetic considerations for surgical resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) incorporate many principles that are common to craniotomies for other indications. However, a high-flow, low-resistance…
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions characterized by direct connections between feeding arteries and draining veins without an intervening capillary network. Two hypotheses, normal perfusion pressure breakthrough (NPPB) and occlusive…
Cranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) carry a significant risk of morbidity and mortality when they hemorrhage. Current treatment options include surgery, embolization, radiosurgery, or a…
The vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation is a congenital vascular malformation that comprises 30% of the pediatric vascular and 1% of all pediatric congenital anomalies. Treatment is dependent on the…
Pial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are high-flow vascular lesions with abnormal communications between the arterial and venous system. AVMs are congenital lesions, whereas DAVFs are considered…
Microsurgical resection remains the treatment of choice for more than half of all patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). It reduces the treatment window to a span of a few weeks…
Arteriovenous malformations of the brain (AVMs) are a major cause of stroke in young, healthy individuals and present multiple diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in the acute setting. Although the…
This article provides management guidelines for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Management options include observation, surgical excision, endovascular embolization, and radiosurgery. Each of these can be used individually or combined for multimodal…
