Autonomic Nervous System Testing I. Anatomy and Physiology Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord from T2 to L1. Preganglionic parasympathetics are present…
Autoimmune Antibodies I. Paraneoplastic Autoantibodies Yo (anti-Purkinje cell antibody) Indication: cerebellar degeneration Tumor: breast, ovarian, endometrial, cervical Clinical features: cerebellar symptoms evolve over weeks to months and then stabilize. Only…
Neuroimaging Neuroimaging I. Computed Tomography Density Moiety Hounsfeld Units Bone 1,000 (more dense) Calcium 100 Acute blood 85 Tumor Possibly 30-60 Gray matter 35-40 White matter 25-30 CSF 0 Adipose…
Neuro-Ophthalmology Ophthalmology I. Nystagmus Congenital Decreased with convergence Increased with fixation Optokinetic nystagmus inversion Uniplanar in all directions Latent Seen only when one eye is covered Fast component away from…
Transplant Neurology Transplant Neurology—Complications I. Glucocorticoids Opportunistic infections Steroid myopathy Psychosis Delirium II. Methotrexate Intrathecal Aseptic meningitis Acute transverse myelopathy Intavenous high dose Stroke Encephalopathy III. Anti-CD3 Cytokine release Aseptic…
Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders Delirium/Dementia I. Definitions Confusional state—characterized by inability to think with proper speed, clarity, and coherence and associated with disorientation, decreased attention and concentration, impaired immediate…
Neurophysiology Electroencephalography I. Origin of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) Sum of excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potential EEG rhythm depends on thalamic pacemaker cells and the reticular activating formation. One…
Neuromuscular Diseases General Approach to Peripheral Neuropathies I. Evaluation and Classification Thorough history Nature of chief complaint: weakness versus sensory disturbance versus pain versus autonomic disturbance versus atrophy versus ataxia…
