5 Neuro-Ophthalmology
5.1 Horner’s Syndrome Horner’s syndrome is an interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eye. It is characterized by miosis with a pupil that is slow to dilate, a mild…
4 Cranial Nerve Disorders
4.1 Anosmia Anosmia denotes the complete inability to detect odors on both sides of the nose, whereas decreased ability to detect odors is known as hyposmia. There are several other…
3 Developmental—Acquired Anomalies and Paediatric Disorders
3.1 Movements Resembling Neonatal Seizures In the newborn infant, there are several nonepileptic motor phenomena. They may be difficult to differentiate from seizures. Tremor, jitteriness, and myoclonus may be benign…
1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Neurological Diseases
1.1 Prevalence of Neurological Diseases Prevalence (per 1,000) of neurological disorders, by cause, WHO region and mortality stratum, projections for 2005, 2015, and 2030 2005 2015 2030 Population 6,441,919,466 Number…
11 Blood Supply and Vascular Disorders of the Central Nervous System
The cerebral blood supply is derived from the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral arteries. The ICA on either side delivers blood to the brain through its major branches, the…
9 Cerebrum
Macroscopically, the cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex, the subcortical white matter, and the basal ganglia, which were discussed in ▶Chapter 8. The gross structure of the cerebrum…
10 Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System
The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers (meninges) of mesodermal origin: the tough dura mater is outermost, followed by the arachnoid and, lastly, the pia mater. The…
8 Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are a part of the motor system. The principal nuclei of the basal ganglia are the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus, all of which…
6 Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System
The diencephalon lies between the brainstem and the telencephalon. It has four components: the thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. The thalamus is found on both sides of the third ventricle…
7 Limbic System
The limbic system is composed of both neocortical and phylogenetically older cortical areas (portions of the archicortex and paleocortex) and a number of nuclei. The cellular architecture of the archicortex…
