5 Cerebellum
The cerebellum is a central organ for fine motor control. It processes information from multiple sensory channels (particularly vestibular and proprioceptive), together with motor impulses, and modulates the activity of…
Cranial Nerves
Origin, Components, and Functions ▶Fig. 4.2 is a schematic dorsal view of the brainstem, in which the motor and parasympathetic cranial nerve nuclei are shown on the right and the…
Brainstem Disorders
Ischemic Brainstem Syndromes The anatomy of the arterial blood supply of the brainstem is depicted in ▶Fig. 4.57, and the territories of individual arteries supplying the medulla, pons, and midbrain…
Topographical Anatomy of the Brainstem
Up to this point, we have discussed the ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord and the positions of the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem, along with their…
4 Brainstem
The brainstem is the most caudally situated and phylogenetically oldest portion of the brain. It is grossly subdivided into the medulla oblongata (usually called simply the medulla), pons, and midbrain…
3 Motor System
The motor impulses for voluntary movement are mainly generated in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe (primary motor cortex, Brodmann area 4) and in the adjacent cortical areas (first…
2 Somatosensory System
After a preliminary chapter on the structural elements of the nervous system, the discussion of its major functional components and mechanisms now begins with the perceptual processes mediated by receptor…
1 Elements of the Nervous System
The nervous system is composed of excitable cells, called neurons, which are specialized for information processing and transmission. Neurons make contact with each other at junctions called synapses, at which…
How to set up a headache clinic
Introduction Although ☆ Editor’s note: In this chapter the authors share how to set up a headache clinic that is multidisciplinary and comprehensive. They show the data that these clinics…
Growing up: Transitioning to adult care
Health-care transition from a child-centered to an adult-oriented health system is a planned process aimed at ensuring continuity of care and patients’ adherence to medical care, with an emphasis on…
