9 Spinal Disorders
9.1 Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Recurrent or residual low back pain after lumbar disc surgery; incidence ranges between 5 and 40% Incorrect original diagnosis Permanent nerve root injury from the…
8 Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke)
The diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke is often straight forward. The sudden onset of a focal neurologic deficit, such as hemiparesis, focal weakness, and aphasia, in a recognizable vascular pattern…
7 Demyelinating Disease and Brain Atrophy
7.1 Multiple Sclerosis (Synonym: Disseminated sclerosis) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that involves demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) with resultant neurologic…
6 Intracranial Tumors
Brain tumors may originate from neural elements within the brain or they may represent spread of distant cancers. Gliomas, metastases, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas account for 95% of…
2 Neuroradiology
2.1 Imaging Findings of Various Calvarial Bone Lesions CT and MRI have been incorporated into the basic imaging tools for evaluating calvarial lesions with their increasing frequency. Therefore, it is…
5 Neuro-Ophthalmology
5.1 Horner’s Syndrome Horner’s syndrome is an interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eye. It is characterized by miosis with a pupil that is slow to dilate, a mild…
4 Cranial Nerve Disorders
4.1 Anosmia Anosmia denotes the complete inability to detect odors on both sides of the nose, whereas decreased ability to detect odors is known as hyposmia. There are several other…
3 Developmental—Acquired Anomalies and Paediatric Disorders
3.1 Movements Resembling Neonatal Seizures In the newborn infant, there are several nonepileptic motor phenomena. They may be difficult to differentiate from seizures. Tremor, jitteriness, and myoclonus may be benign…
1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Neurological Diseases
1.1 Prevalence of Neurological Diseases Prevalence (per 1,000) of neurological disorders, by cause, WHO region and mortality stratum, projections for 2005, 2015, and 2030 2005 2015 2030 Population 6,441,919,466 Number…
11 Blood Supply and Vascular Disorders of the Central Nervous System
The cerebral blood supply is derived from the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral arteries. The ICA on either side delivers blood to the brain through its major branches, the…
