Abstract Mechanical ventilation (MV), although lifesaving, has significant morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. One of the primary causes of prolonged MV is diaphragm control abnormalities causing disuse atrophy. Diaphragm…

Abstract The rising incidence of hypertension and the increasing prevalence of treatment-resistant hypertension carry significant societal impact from a public health perspective. Nonpharmacologic adjuncts to the treatment of hypertension are…

Abstract Aged related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are two degenerative diseases that affect mainly the photoreceptors layer, rendering the retina unable to translate light into biological signals…

Abstract Highly useful hearing, including speech reception without any visual cues, can be reinstated or produced for the first time with a cochlear implant—a device that bypasses damaged or missing…

Abstract Neuromodulation techniques have been used since the 1980s for treatment of refractory angina pectoris. In refractory angina (RA), pain relief is due to an antiischemic effect. There is strong…

Abstract Dry eye, a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface, leads to tear film instability, potentially resulting in tear film hyperosmolarity, ocular surface epithelial damage, and inflammation. Impaired…

Abstract The cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a multilevel distributed neural network that extends from intrathoracic ganglia to the spinal cord, brainstem, and above. This interdependent network of central…

Abstract The first cochlear implants (CIs) provided an awareness of environmental sounds and some assistance in speechreading (including lipreading), but no recognition of speech was possible with the CI alone….

Abstract Mammalian spinal networks have sophisticated neural networks that intrinsically contain the necessary information to generate locomotion, and these central pattern-generating networks are viable targets for recovery after spinal cord…