Abstract Chronic electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve is now an accepted therapeutic alternative for a number of medical conditions. The effectiveness of this therapy is lost when the device…

Abstract Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. The experience of pain serves as one…

Abstract The provision of well-engineered, well-implanted neuroprostheses represents a major advance in the acceptability, safety, and durability of electronic controllers for paralyzed persons. Well-thought-out strategies and progressive understanding of the…

Abstract Intrathecal (IT) infusion plays an important role in the treatment of medically intractable pain and spasticity. Moreover, it potentially may serve as the delivery route for future treatments for…

Abstract Occipital electrode placement into the subcutaneous tissues, innervated by and adjacent to the greater, lesser, and/or third occipital nerves from the C2-3 nerve roots for intractable occipital headache syndromes,…

Abstract Traditionally, deep brain stimulation has been performed by using frame-based stereotaxy in an awake patient. Frame-based stereotaxy has been the technique of choice due to its perceived superior accuracy…

Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of subcortical nodes improves the motor function in Parkinson disease, dystonia and tremor, and behavioral symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. This resetting of dysfunctional brain networks…

Abstract Spinal cord stimulation provides a nondestructive and adjustable method of pain relief for several neuropathic pain syndromes, including failed back surgery syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome. Optimizing pain…

Abstract Optogenetics is defined as the use of light-based technologies that are genetically targeted to certain cellular groups or proteins. In practice, optogenetics most often refers to the use of…