4 Anatomic Origin of Spinal Pain and Clinical Presentations YiLi Zhou 4.1 Introduction Approximately 80% of adults experience back pain at some point in their lives. The following anatomic structures…
13 Diagnostic and Functional Epiduroscopic Procedures Dae Hyun Jo and Jee Youn Moon 13.1 Introduction Determining the cause of back pain is complicated as it is often multifactorial and also…
20 Spinal Epiduroscopic Radiofrequency Therapy Paulo Pereira and Pedro Monteiro 20.1 Introduction Although the mechanisms of recurrent/persistent postoperative radicular pain and its relation with epidural fibrosis remain incompletely understood,1 a…
15 Anesthetic Management for Epiduroscopy Shiraz Yazdani and Salahadin Abdi 15.1 Introduction Epiduroscopy is a procedure that requires careful anesthetic management. Although the instrumentation involved in this procedure is a…
24 Epiduroscopic Ozone Therapy Siddarth Thakur and Salahadin Abdi 24.1 Introduction • Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen, administered as an oxygen–ozone gas mixture at concentrations ranging from 1…
19 Epiduroscopic Procedure Using the 1,414-nm Nd:YAG Laser (Lutronic Laser) Jun Young Kim, Il Sup Kim, and Jae Taek Hong 19.1 Introduction Laser spine surgery has been in use for…
3 Pathophysiology of Spinal Pain and Pain Pathways Radhika Grandhe and Jianguo Cheng 3.1 Introduction Spinal pain or pain originating from structures of the spine is the most common chronic…
5 Diagnostic Studies and Radiographic Imaging Modalities for Spine-Related Pain Carlos J. Roldan and Billy K. Huh 5.1 Introduction There are several diagnostic imaging techniques available to assist in identifying…
23 Epiduroscopy-Assisted Spinal Cord Stimulator Electrode Implantation Billy K. Huh and Carrie E. Johnson 23.1 Introduction Epiduroscopy can be instrumental for spinal cord stimulator (SCS) electrode implantation in anatomically challenging…
22 Spinal/Epidural Analgesic and Pharmacologic Therapy Shiraz Yazdani and Salahadin Abdi 22.1 Introduction Neuraxial drug administration describes a method of delivering pharmacologic therapies directly to and around the spinal cord…
