Fig. 8.1 a Magnetic resonance imaging of brain—glioblastoma magnetic resonance imaging reveals the aggressive nature of glioblastoma with the typical ring enhancement, central necrosis, and significant mass effect. b Magnetic resonance…
Figure 6.1 The categories of symptoms in multiple sclerosis Figure 6.2 Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary symptoms in multiple sclerosis MS symptoms may be classified as acute, subacute, or chronic….
Disease-modifying agent ROA and frequency Mechanism of action Major clinical trials Major adverse events Monitoring requirements Interferons (IFN) IFN β-1b (Betaseron®, Extavia®) 0.25 mg SC every other day Immunomodulation, reduction…
Figure 2.1 The immune players of multiple sclerosis The underlying trigger is unknown, but may be autoimmune, environmentally stimulated or intrinsically degenerative. Whatever the initial precipitant, the innate immune response…
MRI criteria for demonstration of dissemination in space One or more T2 lesions in at least two out of four CNS areas: (a) Periventricular (b) Juxtacortical (c) Infratentorial (d) Spinal…
Drug Molecule Mechanism of action Main trials Side effects Daclizumab Humanized monoclonal antibody of CD25 subunit of IL-2 receptor Increase of the CD56 NK cell levels 1. SELECT Phase II…
Figure 1.1 Disease courses of multiple sclerosis When still accompanied by relapses or MRI markers of disease activity, SPMS and PPMS take on the added descriptor of “active.” Additionally, as…
Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography (ASPECT) score 10. CT angiography shows no occlusion of large extra- and intracranial arteries. After discussing the case, it was agreed that there were…
Setting A Hospital with: Emergency department 24/7 radiology services 24/7 laboratory services Setting B Hospital with: Emergency department 24/7 radiology services 24/7 laboratory services 24/7 neurology/stroke unit + hospital neurologist…
NIH Stroke Scale 1a Level of consciousness 0 Alert 1 Not alert; but arousable by minor stimulation 2 Not alert; requires repeated stimulation 3 Responds only with reflex motor or…
