A. Patients with simple motor tics can sometimes achieve acceptable symptom control with botulinum toxin injections, particularly if the areas injected involve the face (e.g., blinking tics, or tics involving…

Dystonia is characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is…

A. Aerobic exercise may be neuroprotective, and should be recommended for all Parkinson disease (PD) patients. B. Cognitively intact patients under age 65 years can try a monoamine oxidase type…

A. Certain patients with mild tremor may only need tremor control for short, specific periods of time (for example, while giving a speech or going to dinner with friends). In…

A. Tremor is defined as “an involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movement of a body part.” Tremor is typically assessed when the patient is relaxed and distracted, with arms outstretched in posture,…

Chorea is an irregular, often jerky, flowing movement that moves between different body parts. Chorea can often be observed throughout the examination at rest and posture and can be exacerbated…

A. Paroxysmal kinesogenic dyskinesia (PKD) is characterized by sudden onset of abnormal hyperkinetic movements (dystonia, chorea, ballism, athetosis, or a combination of these) triggered by movement. Mutations in the PRRT2…

Parasomnias are unwanted events or experiences that occur during sleep, during the transition from wake to sleep, or during arousals from sleep. Parasomnias may result from a mixed or unstable…

The cardinal feature of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is an urge to move the limbs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, which come on in the evening and nighttime, and which…

Insomnia is a near universal experience, but can be extremely disruptive when frequent and persistent. Insomnia is often driven by the development of maladaptive behaviors and thoughts surrounding the sleep…