Fig. 1.1 An example of a road sign directing traffic toward the nearest hospital If this is your first trip to a new hospital, be familiar with the entry requirements…

Fig. 21.1 Square pulse commonly used for spinal cord stimulation which is dependent on amplitude and pulse width The pulse or stimulation rate can be manipulated to create distinct pulses….

Fig. 17.1 Anatomical organization of a peripheral nerve. With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media: Sunderland S. A classification of peripheral nerve injuries producing loss of function. Brain. 1951;74:491–516 Nerve…

Fig. 4.1 Electrical stimulation is accomplished with simple square pulses, either monophasic or biphasic in nature. The pulses are described by their intensity (current) and pulse duration (time). The total…

Fig. 3.1 The neuron Neuronal Membrane Like all mammalian cell membranes, the neuronal membrane is constructed of a phospholipid bilayer conferring upon the membrane the property of selective permeability (Fig….

Fig. 7.1 Multiple areas of the cortex are involved in motor movements. In addition to the cortex, there also exist multiple subcortical areas. During artificial simulation under anesthetics, the corticospinal…

Fig. 15.1 Drawing showing the carotid bifurcation and the removal of plaque at this site by endarterectomy Carotid endarterectomy is the surgical option for treatment of carotid stenosis. Stenosis that…

Fig. 16.1 The thyroid gland and surrounding structures Thyroidectomy Removal of the thyroid gland is indicated for a variety of conditions including tumor, goiter, or hyperthyroidism among others. Depending on…

Fig. 11.1 The monosynaptic stretch reflex. (a) In response to rapid stretch sensory Ia afferents activate alpha motoneurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord resulting in a delayed…

Fig. 13.1 Transcranial stimulation over the motor cortex using a single square wave pulse results in a recordable D-wave from an epidural electrode. Pulse train stimulation will produce a volley…