Fig. 16.1 Crosstalk in bimanual visuomotor learning (modified from [7]). (a) Participants performed bimanual reaching movements and the cursor’s position reflected the movement of the right hand (this was explicitly…

Fig. 20.1 Prism adaptation. Top: the three steps of prism adaptation procedure. (1) Baseline alignment of vision and proprioception is measured by an open-loop pointing task (i.e. pointing to a…

Fig. 7.1 Descending pathways from a variety of motor-related cortical areas to spinal motoneurons and location of lesions made in the previous studies. Connection from the midline-crossing axons from the…

Fig. 15.1 Explanation of the 2 × 10 task. In this task, 2 out of 16 (4 × 4 matrix) LED buttons (set) were illuminated simultaneously and participants had to press these buttons in…

Fig. 2.1 Diagram of a BMI system for environmental control and communication (modified from Kansaku [11]) We constructed a prototype of the BMI-based environmental control system. For the visual stimuli,…

Fig. 8.1 Two methodologies for intervention in spinal cord injury. There are molecular approaches (left) and electrophysiological approaches (right) for analyzing and biological processes after SCI and providing therapeutic intervention…

Fig. 14.1 A taxonomy of hand functions spanning a spectrum from precision to stability Historically, the ability to control each digit individually while keeping other digits immobile has been used…

Fig. 6.1 Interaction of central nervous system (CNS) injury, CNS structure/function, and behavioral experience. While it is well known that after CNS injury, such as might occur in stroke or…

Fig. 17.1 MEG and EEG noninvasively record electromagnetic brain activity. (a) Electric currents in neurons (red arrow) produce a potential distribution on the scalp (red and blue regions) as well…

Fig. 11.1 The target task is to rotate two cork balls as fast as possible in a counterclockwise direction with the left hand. The dexterity of the motor performance of…