Pain Headache I. General Considerations Occurs when peripheral nocioceptors are stimulated in response to tissue injury, visceral distension, or when peripheral or central pain pathways are damaged or activated inappropriately…

Neuro-Ophthalmology Ophthalmology I. Nystagmus Congenital Decreased with convergence Increased with fixation Optokinetic nystagmus inversion Uniplanar in all directions Latent Seen only when one eye is covered Fast component away from…

Transplant Neurology Transplant Neurology—Complications I. Glucocorticoids Opportunistic infections Steroid myopathy Psychosis Delirium II. Methotrexate Intrathecal Aseptic meningitis Acute transverse myelopathy Intavenous high dose Stroke Encephalopathy III. Anti-CD3 Cytokine release Aseptic…

Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders Delirium/Dementia I. Definitions Confusional state—characterized by inability to think with proper speed, clarity, and coherence and associated with disorientation, decreased attention and concentration, impaired immediate…

Neurophysiology Electroencephalography I. Origin of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) Sum of excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potential EEG rhythm depends on thalamic pacemaker cells and the reticular activating formation. One…

Epilepsy Seizures I. Definitions Seizure—a sudden temporary change in brain function caused by an abnormal rhythmic excessive electrical discharge Epilepsy—a state of recurrent seizures Epidemiology Incidence of seizures: 80/100,000 per…

Neuromuscular Diseases General Approach to Peripheral Neuropathies I. Evaluation and Classification Thorough history Nature of chief complaint: weakness versus sensory disturbance versus pain versus autonomic disturbance versus atrophy versus ataxia…

Neuro-Oncology Central Nervous System Tumors and Neuropathology I. Introduction Location of CNS Tumors Intracranial Supratentorial Infratentorial Intraspinal Extradural (e.g., epidural metastases, bone tumors) Intradural Intramedullary (e.g., ependymomas, astrocytomas, glioblastomas) Extramedullary…

Cerebrovascular Diseases Transient Ischemic Attack I. Epidemiology Risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack (TIA) 4% to 8% in first month 12% in first year 24% to 29% in first…

Demyelinating Diseases Multiple Sclerosis I. Epidemiology Onset: women aged 20 to 35 years; men aged 35 to 45 years Female:male ratio is 2:1. Age of onset of symptoms <20 years…