Some parasympathetic fibers are carried through the vagal contributions to the celiac plexus and are conveyed onward to the kidneys in the renal branches of this plexus; others emerge through…

The preganglionic sympathetic fibers are the axons of cells located in the intermediolateral gray columns of mainly the lower three or four thoracic and upper one or two lumbar segments…

The myenteric (Auerbach) plexus is relatively coarse, with thicker meshes and larger ganglia. The main, or primary, meshes give off fascicles that form secondary networks in the interstices of the…

Afferent fibers from the liver and biliary tract are conveyed through the hepatic and celiac plexuses to the thoracic splanchnic nerves or to branches of the vagus nerves. The sympathetic…

The parasympathetic supply to the intestines is derived from the vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves. The vagal contributions pass to the celiac plexus in the larger and smaller celiac branches…

At the anorectal junction, the autonomic innervation gives way to somatic innervation. AUTONOMIC SYSTEM ROLE IN GUT MOTILITY The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of neurons and…

Most cranial and spinal nerves contain efferent and afferent vascular fibers. The oculomotor (III), trigeminal (V), facial (VII), vagus (X), glossopharyngeal (XI), phrenic, ulnar, median, pudendal, and tibial nerves contain…

Parasympathetic Fibers. The two vagus nerves form an esophageal plexus around the lower esophagus, which is reinforced by twigs from the thoracic parts of the sympathetic trunks and from the…

The abdominal sympathetic nerves include the lumbar parts of the sympathetic trunks and their branches and contribute to the celiac, mesenteric, intermesenteric (abdominal aortic), hepatic, renal, adrenal, superior hypogastric, and…

The chief outflow of sympathetic preganglionic fibers is through the anterior roots of spinal nerves T1 to L2. The fibers pass in white rami communicantes to adjacent sympathetic trunk ganglia,…