Subarachnoid hemorrhages are usually caused by rupture of an aneurysm that breaks, spilling blood instantly into the spinal fluid. The sudden release of blood under arterial pressure increases intracranial pressure,…
The proximal interhemispheric portions of the anterior cerebral arteries have medial orbitofrontal branches that travel anteriorly along the gyrus rectus to supply the medial part of the orbital gyri and…
The accessory meningeal artery may also arise from the maxillary artery or from the middle meningeal artery. It ascends through the foramen ovale to supply the trigeminal ganglion and the…
Branches that supply the midbrain and thalamus arise from the proximal peduncular and ambient segments. Paramedian mesencephalic arteries arise from the first 3 to 7 mm of the arteries. The…
The ECAs have two branches that supply the face and can provide collateral blood flow to the ICA system: the facial arteries, which course along the cheek toward the nasal…
FRDA is a progressive spinocerebellar disorder typically having prepubertal onset between ages 5 and 15 years, although exceptions occur, with up to 25% having delayed onset into adulthood. Because of…
Internal Carotid Artery The internal carotid arteries (ICAs) ascend vertically in the neck, posterior and slightly medial to the external carotid artery. These arteries are positioned medial to the sternocleidomastoid…
Muscle. Myopathy is proximally predominant in inflammatory myopathies, steroid myopathy, and Duchenne and limb girdle dystrophies. Waddling gait results from dropping of the pelvis. Patients have difficulty ascending stairs, arising…
ACUTE—MINUTES TO HOURS Ischemic stroke and hemorrhage start abruptly. Both worsen clinically over hours if cerebellar edema develops. Note the “posterior fossa mantra” of acute cerebellar and brainstem injury—headache, nausea,…
Basal Ganglia. Extrapyramidal movement disorders affect gait, depending on the interplay of inhibition and disinhibition within the basal ganglia circuitry. Parkinsonian syndromes characteristically have small shuffling steps at initiation of…
