Chapter 16 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Mark I. Johnson CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 253 History 254 Definition 256 The standard TENS device 256 TENS-like devices 256 Physical principles 257 Principles…
Chapter 15 Neuromuscular and muscular electrical stimulation Suzanne McDonough CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 231 Types of unit 233 Nomenclature and types of electrical stimulation in nerve and muscle 233 Neuromuscular electrical…
Chapter 20 Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging John Leddy CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 349 History 350 Principles 350 Grey scale 350 Scanners 350 Doppler 351 Appearances: features of an ultrasound image 351 Imaging…
Chapter 18 Functional electrical stimulation David Ewins, Sally Durham CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 317 Lower limb stimulation 319 Upper limb assist 323 Shoulder subluxation and shoulder pain 323 Muscle strength 323…
Chapter 5 Sensory and motor nerve activation Mary Cramp, Oona Scott CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 67 Motor neuron to muscle activation 67 Neural control of muscle 67 The motor unit 68…
Chapter 10 Pulsed and continuous shortwave therapy Maryam M. Al-Mandeel, Tim Watson CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction137 Development of shortwave therapy138 Shortwave therapy generators138 Physical characteristics140 Methods of coupling shortwave therapy to…
Chapter 13 Introduction to low-frequency currents Deirdre M. Walsh CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction203 Stimulation of a nerve using electrical currents203 Stimulation parameters of low-frequency currents204 Documentation of parameters204 Types of current205…
Chapter 21 Guidance for the clinical use of electrophysical agents 2006 Reproduced with permission of the CSP, 14 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4ED Sarah Bazin, Sheila Kitchen, David Maskill, Ann…
