Chapter 7 Thermal effects Sheila Kitchen CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 99 Thermal homoeostasis 99 Body temperature 99 Core temperature 99 Shell temperature 100 Diurnal (circadian) core temperature rhythm 101 Body temperature…

Chapter 19 Electrical stimulation for enhanced wound healing Tim Watson CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 329 Problems associated with chronicwounds 330 Reviews 330 Variety of approaches 331 Electrical activity in the skin…

Chapter 3 Electrical properties of tissues Tim Watson CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 37 The body bioelectric 38 The electric cell 38 Tissue batteries 39 The bone battery 39 The skin battery…

Chapter 14 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation: nerve–muscle interaction Mary Cramp, Oona Scott CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 211 Background 212 Monitoring and measurement 212 Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) 213 Voluntary muscle activation 213…

Chapter 11 Low-intensity laser therapy G. David Baxter CHAPTER CONTENTS Brief History161 Definitions and nomenclature162 Physical principles162 Light emission, absorption and the production of laser radiation162 Absorption of radiation163 Stimulated…

Chapter 12 Therapeutic ultrasound Tim Watson, Stephen R. Young CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction179 Behaviour of ultrasound180 Ultrasound transmission180 Penetration and absorption of ultrasound energy181 Effects of ultrasound182 Thermal effects182 Non-thermal effects183…

Chapter 4 Tissue repair Sheila Kitchen, Stephen R. Young CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 53 The principles of tissue healing 54 Inflammatory phase 54 Vasoregulation and blood clotting 54 Cell migration and…

Chapter 1 Introduction: current concepts and clinical decision making in electrotherapy Tim Watson CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 3 Current concepts in electrotherapy 5 Models of electrotherapy 5 Electrotherapeutic windows 6 Clinical…

Chapter 9 Heat and cold application Sheila Kitchen CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 125 Cold or heat? 125 Wet or dry? 126 Cold and heat 126 Cryotherapy (therapeutic cold) 126 The effects…