Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease and has significant effects on functionality, independency, and overall quality of life. It is a non-cell-autonomous disease…
Abstract Epilepsy is a broad umbrella term defining a group of neurological diseases that present with recurrent episodes of seizures. As one of the most prevalent neurological disorders, epilepsy is…
Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS characterized by demyelination of neurons in the brain and spinal cord white matter. Patients with MS disease,…
Abstract Parkinson disease is a chronic neuropathological disorder involving progressive degeneration of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It is a prevalent neurological condition affecting 2 to 3%…
Parkinson disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. It can be either familial or sporadic.7 In the majority of cases, Parkinson disease occurs due to sporadic causes resulting from the interplay…
Etiology of Parkinson Disease Although the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) is unknown, it is believed to be multifactorial and is likely to involve a complex interaction of environmental and…
“In the grip of a neurological disorder, I am fast losing control of words even as my relationship with the world has been reduced to them.” -Tony Judt in the…
The cerebral blood supply is derived from the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral arteries. The ICA on either side delivers blood to the brain through its major branches, the…
Macroscopically, the cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex, the subcortical white matter, and the basal ganglia, which were discussed in ▶Chapter 8. The gross structure of the cerebrum…
The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers (meninges) of mesodermal origin: the tough dura mater is outermost, followed by the arachnoid and, lastly, the pia mater. The…
