Echoencephalogram is an obsolete examination nowadays (▶Fig. 12.1). It was the initial and basic test of severe head injuries in the pre-CT scan era. Fig. 12.1 Echoencephalogram. This ECHO demonstrates…

11.1 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders Disorder Movement characteristics Athetosis Slow, distal, writhing, and involuntary with a propensity to affect the arms and hands Chorea Rapid, semipurposeful, graceful, dancelike, nonpatterned moving involving…

10.1 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common clinical condition, occurring in 1 out of 50 people at any one time; over 50% present with bilateral disease….

9.1 Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Recurrent or residual low back pain after lumbar disc surgery; incidence ranges between 5 and 40% Incorrect original diagnosis Permanent nerve root injury from the…

The diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke is often straight forward. The sudden onset of a focal neurologic deficit, such as hemiparesis, focal weakness, and aphasia, in a recognizable vascular pattern…

7.1 Multiple Sclerosis (Synonym: Disseminated sclerosis) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that involves demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) with resultant neurologic…

Brain tumors may originate from neural elements within the brain or they may represent spread of distant cancers. Gliomas, metastases, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas account for 95% of…

2.1 Imaging Findings of Various Calvarial Bone Lesions CT and MRI have been incorporated into the basic imaging tools for evaluating calvarial lesions with their increasing frequency. Therefore, it is…

5.1 Horner’s Syndrome Horner’s syndrome is an interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eye. It is characterized by miosis with a pupil that is slow to dilate, a mild…

4.1 Anosmia Anosmia denotes the complete inability to detect odors on both sides of the nose, whereas decreased ability to detect odors is known as hyposmia. There are several other…