History of Otology
1 History of Otology Definition With the progress of medicine, otology has evolved into its own true subspecialty within otolaryngology/head and…
NEUROSURGERY
The Middle Cranial Fossa Approach to Vestibular Schwannomas
3 The Middle Cranial Fossa Approach to Vestibular Schwannomas Rick A. Friedman and Jose N. Fayad For decades, gaining access to the cerebellopontine angle and the prepontine cisterns…
Auditory Brainstem Implants
16 Auditory Brainstem Implants Jose N. Fayad, William M. Luxford, Derald E. Brackmann, and William E. Hitselberger Overview In 1979, William F. House and William E. Hitselberger implanted…
Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy
1 Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy Gregory P. Lekovic, L. Fernando Gonzalez,Felipe Santos, and Marc S. Schwartz The guiding principle of skull base surgery is the avoidance of brain retraction by…
Surgical Exposure of Peripheral Nerves of the Lower Extremity. I. Sciatic Nerve and Its Branches (Peroneal and Posterior Tibial Nerves)
Clinical Anatomy of the Sciatic Nerve The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the body, originating from the L4–S3 nerve roots. The nerve is formed from the lumbosacral and…
Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release Via a Biportal Approach
Median nerve compression at the wrist was described by Sir James Paget in 1853, but it was not until 1933 that Learmonth first described a surgical procedure to release the…
Harvesting Techniques of Cutaneous Nerves for Grafting
The advent of nerve grafts has revolutionized the treatment of nerve injuries. Before nerve grafts, techniques such as extreme limb flexion or limb shortening were used with a high degree…
Lateral Parascapular Approach to the Upper Thoracic Spine
Obtaining surgical access to the anterior vertebral elements of the upper thoracic vertebrae (T1–6) presents a unique anatomical challenge. The thoracic cage, which narrows significantly as it approaches the thoracic…
Minimally Invasive Resection of Lumbar Synovial Cysts and Foraminal Disks
Lumbar synovial cysts have been described in the literature as an uncommon cause of low back and radicular pain. These synovial cysts arise from facet joints in the lumbar spine,…
Brachial Plexus Surgery: Exposure
Exposure of the brachial plexus is a major task. Indications include trauma, tumors, and thoracic outlet syndrome. In this chapter, we describe the supraclavicular and infraclavicular approaches that expose the…
