Many surgeons use minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approaches for treatment of patients with adult degenerative spinal deformity. The feasibility and efficacy of these techniques in the treatment of certain subtypes…

The practice of appropriate evidence-based medicine should be a goal for all physicians. By using protocols in areas where strong evidence-based medicine exists, physicians have reliably shown they can improve…

Proximal junctional failure (PJF) should be distinguished from proximal junctional kyphosis, which is a recurrent deformity with limited clinical impact. PJF includes mechanical failure, and is a significant complication following…

Various osteotomies are useful in making a rigid deformity flexible enough for realignment in coronal and sagittal plane. This article defines the osteotomies and their usefulness in treatment of specific…

Scoliosis is a broad term encompassing multiple pathologies with different etiologies. Patients may range from the infant with congenital deformity, to the adolescent with idiopathic scoliosis, to the elderly patient…

Adult spinal deformity (ASD) is a complex disease state that pathologically alters standing upright posture and is associated with substantial pain and disability. This article provides an overview of classification…

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects up to 3% of the population. It can be stratified by curve type according to the Lenke classification. This classification system incorporates curve magnitude, flexibility,…

Over the past 3 decades the sagittal plane has received increasing attention from the scientific community and spine surgeons alike. There remains a lack of clear and concise methods for…

The goal of any ambulatory patient is to maintain a horizontal gaze with the least amount of energy expenditure. With progressive deformity, and in particular sagittal malalignment, significant compensatory mechanisms…