In the past, treatment of thoracic disc herniations has not been seen as a minimally invasive procedure. This article evaluates the progression of minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of…

Posterior decompressive procedures are a fundamental component of the surgical treatment of symptomatic cervical degenerative disease. Posterior approaches have the appeal of avoiding complications associated with anterior approaches such as…

In parallel with advances in minimally invasive spinal techniques and endovascular neurosurgical procedures, radiation use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has increased. Concerns have been raised about radiation side effects…

Posterior approaches for decompression in minimally invasive spine surgery are increasingly used for a wide range of pathology. Surgeons and patients must understand these risks in order to identify, manage,…

The lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine has become an increasingly popular method to achieve fusion. Although this approach requires less tissue dissection, a smaller incision, decreased operative time,…

Safe and reproducible outcomes of the lateral lumbar intervertebral fusion (LLIF) procedure rely on meticulous care and understanding of the anatomy of the lateral corridor. This review aims to describe…

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) represents one of the most common causes of ischemic stroke worldwide, yet our understanding remains limited regarding the best treatment options for this complex disease with…

Endovascular intra-arterial therapy is reserved for strokes from large vessel occlusion. This article reviews the critical role of the location of the occlusion, extent and characteristics of the occlusive thrombus…

Carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has experienced an astonishing rate of development over the last 2 decades, becoming a viable alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the management of…