The challenge for treating complex lesions with the aim of minimal surgery-related morbidity has generated an increasing demand for sophisticated intraoperative imaging modalities. Newest generations of intraoperative computed tomography (CT)…

Offering real-time, high-resolution images via intraoperative ultrasound is advantageous for a variety of peripheral nerve applications. To highlight the advantages of ultrasound, its extraoperative uses are reviewed. The current intraoperative…

Spinal instrumentation often involves placing implants without direct visualization of their trajectory or proximity to adjacent neurovascular structures. Two-dimensional fluoroscopy is commonly used to navigate implant placement, but with the…

Intraoperative fluorescence imaging allows real-time identification of diseased tissue during surgery without being influenced by brain shift and surgery interruption. 5-Aminolevulinic acid, useful for malignant gliomas and other tumors, is…

Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) has potential noninvasive effects on targeted tissue. MRgFUS integrates MRI and focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) into a single platform. MRI enables visualization of…

Current knowledge of the functional anatomy of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus, discovered through microelectrode recording and postoperative imaging, justifies purely anatomic targeting for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Interventional…

Recent technological advancements in intraoperative imaging are shaping the way for a new era in brain tumor surgery. Magnetic resonance thermometry has provided intraoperative real-time imaging feedback for safe and…

A variety of intraoperative MRI (iMRI) systems are in use during transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). The variations in iMRI systems include field strengths, magnet configurations, and room configurations. Most studies report…