Fig. 2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous wave spectrum including energy forces with common characteristics differing however in terms of frequency Radiofrequency energy is characterized by a frequency between…
Fig. 7.1 Oblique fluoroscopy view (“Scottie dog” projection): Facet joint consists of the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (forming the joint’s medial part – white line) and the…
Fig. 4.1 (a) A 58-year-old female patient. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a contained central disk (C5–C6) herniation. Compression of the spinal cord is also due to a heavy inflammatory reaction…
Fig. 1.1 Spine stability is guaranteed by the strict connection between three systems: column, muscles and central nervous system. Their activities are regulated on the basis of the reciprocal feedbacks…
Fig. 6.1 PET/CT scan, coronal reconstruction illustrating a right C4–C5 facet joint which is FDG avid Standard and dynamic X-rays define normal and pathological curves of the spine. Spine and…
Fig. 10.1 Osteoid osteoma of the pedicle of 8th thoracic vertebra Fig. 10.2 Guiding trocar is drilled inside the osteoid osteoma Fig. 10.3 RF probe is coaxially inserted to perform…
Fig. 9.1 Under anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) fluoroscopic control, a 20-G RF needle with a 20-mm active tip is placed in the center of the intervertebral L4–L5 disc Fig….
Fig. 3.1 Some indirect sign of chronic spinal unit instability. Asymmetrical orientation of facet joint related to bone remodeling (a), fatty degeneration of the vertebral pedicles (b), abnormal paravertebral muscles…
2 Radiographic Assessment of Thoracolumbar Fractures S. Rajasekaran, Rishi M. Kanna, Anupama Maheswaran, and Ajoy P. Shetty Introduction Fractures of the thoracolumbar region are common injuries of the vertebral column,…
13 Spinopelvic Fixation Carlo Bellabarba and Richard J. Bransford Introduction The sacrum’s position at the junction of the pelvis and the spinal column provides it with an important role in…
