Author Etiology Patients Site of lesion Stimulation Time to surgery Clinical improvement latency Evaluation parameters Responsive n (%) Kanno et al. (1988) [13] Trauma/ischemia 10 Cerebral cortex Cervical SCS 3–6…
No. of patients Incidence (%) Event description Solution 4 12.1 Accidental electrode rupture Replacement (IPG + electrode) 2 6 Cough VNS parameters adjustment 1 3.03 Thoracic duct lesion Surgical closure…
Fig. 1 (a) Comparison of the nasoaxial line (red) and nasopalatine line (yellow) with the actual surgical extent. The NAxL closely corresponds to the lowest limit of the endoscopic endonasal…
Author (year) references Animal model Observation method Site of stimulation Results Garcia-March et al. (1987, 1989) [15, 16] Dog and goat Electromagnetic flowmetry; 131I antipyrine brain scintigraphy Upper cervical (C2)…
Author Year Approach Major findings Ammirati and Bernardo [3] 1998 Endoscopic transoral approach Median mandibulotomy/glossotomy or the LeFort I approach with hard palate splitting if atlanto-occipital and C1–C2 joint access…
Patient population Male 14 (44 %) Female 18 (56 %) Drug resistance 32 (100 %) Age at onset (years) Mean 10 (range 1–23) Age at surgery (years) Mean 32…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 4.1 Introduction Most endoscopic ventricular procedures take place inside the third ventricle, which occupies a strategic…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3.1 Introduction The basic condition for good visualization of ventricular structures is ventricular dilatation. Although currently…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 2.1 Historical Evolution 2.1.1 Pioneers The first neuroendoscopic procedure reported in the literature was conducted by…
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 5.1 Introduction The subarachnoid space below the third ventricle is reached after opening the` ependymal layer…
