Fig. 11.1 Tumor types affecting the ventral craniovertebral junction in 46 children (Composite data derived from the experience of Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, and Iowa Hospital, USA [2, 15])…

Fig. 28.1 Pilocytic astrocytomas are tumors of low to moderate cellularity exhibiting an often biphasic pattern with varying proportions of compacted bipolar cells (top left and right) with Rosenthal fibers…

Fig. 5.1 Head tilt (torticollis) in a boy with posterior fossa tumor (chordoma) 5.1.6 Cerebellar Mutism This sign is mostly seen after neurosurgical operations; however, it is also rarely seen…

Fig. 55.1 (a) Isointense appearance of a posterior fossa meningioma in a 9-year-old girl. Despite the big size of the lesion, there is no obstruction of the four ventricle. (b)…

Fig. 23.1 Perivascular pseudorosettes Fig. 23.2 Ependymal rosettes 23.2 WHO Subtypes and Grading According to WHO 2007 classification, main histological variants include classic, cellular, clear cell, papillary, tanycytic, and myxopapillary…

Predictor Score  Age <2 years 3  Presence of papilledema (later replaced with transependymal edema) 1  Moderate/severe hydrocephalus 2  Cerebral metastases 3 Preop estimated tumor diagnosis  Medulloblastoma 1  Ependymoma 1  Dorsally…

Fig. 8.1 Suboccipital surface of the cerebellum The fourth ventricle, tentlike in appearance, is located between the cerebellum and brain stem. Dorsally, the roof is divided into superior and inferior…

Timing of radiotherapy Low-grade gliomas High-grade gliomas At progression, usually after chemotherapy Postoperatively Dose 54 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions 59.4 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions GTV Tumor bed +…