Neurotransmitter/neuromodulator Location of the soma Neuronal pattern of discharge Wakefulness promoting Orexin Postero-lateral hypothalamus Wake-on Acetylcholine LDT-PPT and BFB Wake/REM-on Serotonin DRN and MRN Wake-on Noradrenaline Locus coeruleus Wake-on Dopamine…

Fig. 1 ChR2 and HaloR ChR2 senses blue light and open non-selective cation channel to induce depolarization. HaloR senses orange light and pump into chloride ion to induce hyperpolarization (Color figure…

Symptom Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) A persistent sense of mental cloudiness, a lack of energy, a depressed mood, or extreme exhaustion. Some people experience memory lapses, and many have great…

Fig. 1 Neurolucida mapping of Hcrt cells in normal and narcolepsy. The cell counts are listed in each section. 3v third ventricle, Fx fornix, Mmb mammillary body, Opt optic tract Fig. 2…

Fig. 1 Optogenetic stimulation of Hcrt neurons and their downstream targets during NREM result in wakefulness. a Fluorescence micrographs of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus expressing EGFP (green), ChR2-mCherry (red) and…

Fig. 1 The thalamocortical loop. The red curved arrow symbolizes the intra-cortical processing of sensory information. Note that layer 6 pyramidal cell projects on the distal part of the thalamic dendrite…

Fig. 1 Cataplectic attacks in Doberman pinschers. Emotional excitations, appetizing food or playing, easily elicit multiple cataplectic attacks in these animals. Most cataplexy attacks are bilateral (97.9 %). Atonia initiated partially in…

Fig. 1 Complex interactions of the master circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), neuromodulators (e.g. orexin/hypocretin Ox/Hcrt; monoamines MA), sleep and psychiatric disorders. Circle: master circadian oscillator; Oval: neuromodulators; Snip…

Fig. 1 This figure shows occurrence view of STRING analysis for queried genes among different mammals. The following gene viz. Orx, OX1R, OX2R, ADRA1, ADRA2, ADRB1, TH, and DBH, known to…