Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology Most common cause of death among persons under age 35 are injuries incurred during motor vehicle accidents. In the United States, between 2.5 million and 6.5…

Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders and Psychiatric Illness Depression Insomnia: present in the majority of patients with major depression Generalized sleep disturbance: Increased time to sleep onset Increased nighttime awakenings Early…

Parkinson Disease Epidemiology Onset between 45 and 65 years of age Approximately equal sex and ethnic distribution Risk factors for development of dementia include increased age, greater severity of neurologic…

Huntington Disease Epidemiology Onset between 30 and 50 years of age Average life expectancy ˜15 years Male = female Cardinal features Triad of dyskinesia, dementia, and behavioral abnormalities Autosomal dominant…

Dementia Epidemiology Average age from diagnosis to death is 3 to 10 years. Risk increases exponentially with age from 1% under age 65 to 25%-50% over age 85. Characteristics of…

Delirium Differential Diagnosis of Delirium Delirium Dementia Depression Schizophrenia Onset Acute Often insidious Variable Variable Course Fluctuating Often progressive Diurnal variation Variable Reversibility Usually Not usually Usually, but can be…

Transient Ischemic Attack/Stroke Clinical features Altered mental status Visual changes (e.g., diplopia/vision loss) Dysphagia Facial droop Aphasia, dysarthria, word-finding Focal motor impairment Focal sensory impairment Dizziness/vertigo Ataxia Loss of fine…

Stroke Localization Internal carotid artery May present with some or all of the features of infarctions involving the anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and ophthalmic arteries Anterior cerebral artery Contralateral lower…

Seizure Disorder Subtypes Partial Simple partial Complex partial Generalized Absence (petit mal) Atypical absence Myoclonic Tonic-clonic (grand mal) Status epilepticus Etiology Trauma: head trauma, stroke, hemorrhage, anoxia, neurosurgery Mass lesions:…

Multiple Sclerosis Disease subtypes Relapsing-remitting Primary progressive Secondary progressive Clinical features Peak age at disease onset: 20 to 45 years Episodic neurologic symptoms involving discrete areas separated by time Ophthalmic…