Intracranial Hemorrhage Etiologies Hypertension Bleeding disorders Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) hypertensive reaction Amyloid angiopathy Vascular malformation (e.g., intracranial aneurysm, venous thrombosis) Primary/secondary brain tumors Hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic stroke Trauma…
Headache Differential Diagnosis of Headache Primary Migraine Cluster Tension Secondary Subarachnoid hemorrhage Intracerebral hemorrhage Subdural/epidural hematoma Unruptured arteriovenous malformation Cerebral venous thrombosis Ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack Cervicocephalic arterial dissection Arterial…
Urinary Tract Infections Infection Clinical Features Treatment Cystitis Uncomplicated cystitis: women who are not pregnant, without underlying structural or neurologic disease. Complicated cystitis: upper tract infection or any urinary tract…
Urinalysis Urine Finding Interpretation Specific gravity Workup of polyuria, acute renal failure, and rapid estimate of urine osmolarity. pH Normal 4.5-8.5 Workup of renal tubular acidosis, etiologic organisms for urinary…
Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy General Considerations Common side effects for nicotine therapy may include headache, insomnia, nightmares, nausea, dizziness, and blurred vision. Nicotine use may be contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation,…
Tuberculosis Screening Screening High-risk individuals Immunocompromised individuals (particularly HIV positive) Immigrants from high prevalence countries Malnourished, homeless, and those living in overcrowded and substandard housing Alcoholics IV drug users Chronic…
Nausea and Vomiting Differential Diagnosis of Nausea and Vomiting Gastrointestinal Obstruction/pseudo—obstruction Inflammation/infection—appendicitis, peritonitis, pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, viral and bacterial gastroenteritis (Staphylococcus aureas, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfingens), ingested poisons or toxins…
Metabolic Syndrome Three or more of the following risk factors are required for the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria. Risk Factor Defining Level Abdominal…
Thyroid Disorders Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Common causes Primary (e.g, Hashimoto disease) Secondary (e.g., disorders of pituitary or hypothalamus) Iatrogenic (e.g., thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy) Inflammation—thyroiditis (e.g., postpartum) Drug-induced Lithium Glucocorticoids Graves…
Hypertension General Considerations Primary/essential hypertension—95% of all hypertension with no primary etiology identified. Secondary hypertension—5% secondary to causes including renal disease and endocrine disorders, among others. Elevated blood pressures should…
