10.1055/b-0039-172576 14 Orbital Decompression, Optic Decompression, Supraorbital Approach, and Transorbital ApproachDavide Mattavelli, Marco Ravanelli, Andrea Luigi Camillo Carobbio, Davide Lombardi The sinonasal cavity can be used as a corridor toward…
10.1055/b-0039-172582 20 Infrapetrous ApproachDavide Lancini, Marco Ravanelli, Marco Ferrari, Alberto Schreiber According to the topographical classification of the petrous apex into three segments (superior, anteroinferior, and posteroinferior), the transnasal infrapetrous…
10.1055/b-0039-172578 16 Infratemporal Fossa ApproachAlberto Schreiber, Marco Ravanelli, Marco Ferrari, Vittorio Rampinelli The infratemporal fossa is a deep space of the upper neck that lies inferiorly to the middle cranial…
10.1055/b-0039-172577 15 Transpterygomaxillary ApproachPiero Nicolai, Alberto Schreiber, Marco Ravanelli, Davide Mattavelli, Alberto Deganello The pterygopalatine fossa is a narrow space bounded by the pterygoid process posteriorly, maxillary sinus anterolaterally, and…
10.1055/b-0039-172579 17 Medial Transcavernous ApproachMarco Ferrari, Marco Ravanelli, Davide Lancini, Francesco Belotti, Francesco Doglietto The cavernous sinus is a venous dural sinus that is located in the cranial portion of…
10.1055/b-0039-172572 10 Transsellar Transdorsal ApproachMarco Ferrari, Marco Ravanelli, Francesco Belotti, Francesco Doglietto The transdorsal approach constitutes the transnasal pathway through the upper third of the clivus and interpeduncular fossa. This…
10.1055/b-0039-172569 7 Transcribriform ApproachMarco Ferrari, Marco Ravanelli, Davide Lancini, Vittorio Rampinelli, Alberto Schreiber The transcribriform approach is most frequently employed to resect tumors of the anterior skull base via a…
10.1055/b-0039-172575 13 Transodontoid ApproachFrancesco Doglietto, Francesco Belotti, Andrea Bolzoni Villaret, Marco Ravanelli Being parallel to Kassam’s line, 1 which is considered the inferior anatomical boundary of transnasal endoscopic surgery, the…
10.1055/b-0039-172574 12 Transclival (Lower Clivus) ApproachMarco Ferrari, Marco Ravanelli, Davide Mattavelli, Alberto Schreiber, Francesco Doglietto As seen from the transnasal perspective, the lower third of the clivus almost corresponds to…
10.1055/b-0039-172573 11 Transclival (Midclivus) ApproachVittorio Rampinelli, Davide Mattavelli, Marco Ravanelli, Davide Lancini, Alberto Schreiber The transclival route can be classified into upper, middle, and lower approaches according to two landmarks:…
