Applied Anatomy of the Sacral Spine
Summary of Key Points • The anatomic complexity of the sacrum contributes to the difficulty of achieving adequate fixation. • The mechanical stability of the sacroiliac joint is largely due…
Functional Anatomy of the Spine
Summary of Key Points • The flexibility of the spine varies from region to region and is due to anatomic constraints. Within the lumbar region, there are subregional variations in…
History of Spine Biomechanics
Summary of Key Points • The field of spine biomechanics has evolved from the time of antiquity to the present. The first 2000 years provided the rich seeds with requisite…
Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Physiology, and Aging
Summary of Key Points • The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of the nucleus pulposus, the annulus fibrosus, and flanking cartilage end plates. • The nucleus pulposus is composed primarily…
Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine
Summary of Key Points • The following observations can be used as an initial step to classify and further define spine pathology: (1) the presence or absence of spinal region…
History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era
Summary of Key Points • The development of instrumentation for internal fixation of the spine has dramatically improved the surgeon’s ability to successfully provide surgical intervention for a wide variety…
Muscular Support of the Spine
Summary of Key Points • Muscle integrity is integral to both spine form and efficient function. • For most patients with spine-related disease, exercise is not only safe, but it…
Evaluation of Spinal Alignment
Summary of Key Points • Spinal alignment assessment includes both sagittal and coronal alignment measurement strategies. • Coronal plan assessments include interpupullary angle, shoulder tilt angle, and Cobb angle measurements….
