10.1055/b-0040-175232 9 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Hyperfunctional Facial LinesBrian E. Benson, Diana N. Kirke, and Andrew Blitzer Summary There are many components to the ageing face; however, the most notable of…
10.1055/b-0040-175234 11 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Palatal MyoclonusAjay E. Chitkara, Catherine F. Sinclair, and Daniel Novakovic Summary Palatal myoclonus (PM) is a movement disorder affecting the soft palate muscles. It can…
10.1055/b-0040-175228 5 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Oromandibular DystoniaDaniel Novakovic and Ajay E. Chitkara Summary Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) can affect various muscle groups in the mouth, face, and head. This disorder can…
10.1055/b-0040-175231 8 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Hemifacial Spasm and Facial SynkinesisLesley French Childs, Daniel Novakovic, and Scott R. Gibbs Summary Hemifacial spasm is a disorder of recurrent, involuntary twitches of facial…
10.1055/b-0040-175230 7 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Cervical DystoniaTanya K. Meyer, Joel Guss, and Ronda E. Alexander Summary Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common focal dystonia and causes significant functional deficits….
10.1055/b-0040-175227 4 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Meige SyndromeNiv Mor and Andrew Blitzer Summary Meige syndrome is a focal dystonia characterized by oromandibular dystonia with blepharospasm. Spasms are usually bilateral, symmetric, and…
10.1055/b-0040-175225 2 Botulinum Neurotoxin for BlepharospasmAmit Patel, Andrew Blitzer, and Boris L. Bentsianov Summary Blepharospasm, or dystonic contractions of primarily the orbicularis oris, usually exists as a focal dystonia. Both…
10.1055/b-0040-175226 3 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Facial DystoniaScott M. Rickert, Amy P. Wu, and Andrew Blitzer Summary There are many classifications of facial dystonia, including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, and cervical dystonia….
10.1055/b-0040-175224 1 Pharmacology of Botulinum NeurotoxinsMuna I. Bitar, Nikita Kohli, Maya M. Samman, and Andrew Blitzer Summary Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most potent toxin, which acts to block the…
10.1055/b-0040-175229 6 Botulinum Neurotoxin for Spasmodic DysphoniaPhillip C. Song, Lucian Sulica, and Andrew Blitzer Summary Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection into the larynx for symptomatic control of spasmodic dysphonia has been…
