Root-mean-squared displacement of diffusing molecules
Initially there are N molecules, all at starting position 0. For any particular molecule (which we tag with a label i ), regardless of where the molecule is, it can…
A mathematical refresher
Exponents Definition of exponentiation Multiplying the number 3 by itself four times gives <SPAN role=presentation tabIndex=0 id=MathJax-Element-1-Frame class=MathJax style="POSITION: relative" data-mathml='3×3×3×3= 81′>3×3×3×3= 813×3×3×3= 81 3×3×3×3= 81 which can be written…
Answers to study problems
Chapter 2 1. The relationship between the distance and time of diffusion is d ; that is, the distance diffused is proportional to the square root of time (e.g., for…
Summary of elementary circuit theory
Cell membranes are modeled with electrical circuits The plasma membrane can be modeled as an electrical circuit. Fig. AppD.1 A is a schematic view of the structure of a biological…
Mechanics of muscle contraction
Objectives 1. Explain how a skeletal muscle twitch and a tetanus are generated. 2. Describe how muscle contractile force can be varied. 3. Describe the mechanical properties of muscle that…
Comprehensive review examination
1. Which of the following statements about diffusion is FALSE? a. Molecules diffuse from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. b. Diffusion flux ( J ) is…
Excitation-contraction coupling in muscle
Objectives 1. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. 2. For skeletal muscle, describe: a. How movement of a voltage sensor couples…
Molecular motors and the mechanism of muscle contraction
Objectives 1. List the common principles that apply to all molecular motors: myosin, kinesin, and dynein. 2. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle cell and the organization of its…
Synaptic physiology II
Objectives 1. Explain the concept of a chemical neurotransmitter and its receptor. 2. Describe the mechanism of neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction. 3. List the major classes of neurotransmitters and…
Synaptic physiology I
Objectives 1. Describe the structure and function of electrical synapses. 2. Describe the structure of a representative chemical synapse. 3. Explain the quantal nature of neurotransmitter release. 4. Describe the…
