Neupsy Key

Objectives 1. Explain how the Na + pump uses energy from ATP to keep [Na + ] i low and [K + ] i high by transporting Na + and…

Objectives 1. Explain how the distribution of lipids and proteins in the cell membrane influences the membrane permeability to hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes and ions. 2. Differentiate the following mechanisms…

Objectives 1. Recognize that concentration gradients and electrical potential gradients store chemical and electrical potential energy, respectively. 2. Recognize that electrochemical potential energy drives all transport processes. 3. Use the…

Objectives 1. Describe the properties of the voltage clamp, and explain why it is useful for the study of ion channels. 2. Describe the properties of voltage-gated Na + and…

Objectives 1. Define passive membrane electrical properties as those due to parameters that are constant near the resting potential of the cell. 2. Explain why membranes behave, electrically, like a…

Objectives 1. Compare and contrast the properties of voltage-gated Ca 2+ and Na + channels. 2. Describe the mechanism of action of Ca 2+ antagonist drugs, and describe their use…

Objectives 1. Describe how ion channels function as gated, water-filled pores that selectively increase the permeability of the membrane to certain ions. 2. Describe the function of the selectivity filter…

Objectives 1. Recognize that the movement of ions can generate an electrical potential difference across a membrane. 2. Define the concept of the equilibrium potential and apply the Nernst equation…

Objectives 1. Describe the nature of osmosis. 2. Define osmotic pressure in terms of solute concentration through van’t Hoff’s law. 3. Define the driving forces that control water movement across…

Objectives 1. Define diffusion as the migration of molecules down a concentration gradient. 2. Recognize that diffusion is the result of the purely random movement of molecules. 3. Define the…